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Showing posts with label Quantitative. Show all posts
Showing posts with label Quantitative. Show all posts

Tips for Accuracy and Speed in GAT/GRE Quantitative

For those of you who did not know, the GAT/GRE are not allow a calculator. So, if you have not done math by hand for a while, you may have forgotten how to do many simple calculations. Here are some tips that will help you do math by hand quickly and accurately. While these tips will help you on the entire test, you will get the most out of them on the quantitative comparison section.

1. Cross-multiply 2-fractions to compare them.

The numerator with the larger product will belong to the larger fraction:
E.g. 1: 4 / 5  vs.  8 / 11
Which fraction is bigger? I could change both to decimals, but let’s try the cross-multiply method, which is much faster.
(4)(11)= 44 and (8)(5)= 40
44 is the larger product. Since the product involved 4, which is the numerator of 4/5, 4/5 is the bigger fraction.

2. Squaring a fraction or decimal between 0 and 1 will make the number smaller.
E.g. 2: (1/3)² = 1/9
While this tip is very simple to prove, it’s crucial that you keep it in mind during the quantitative comparison section so that you can avoid unnecessary calculation.

3. Taking the square root of a fraction or decimal between 0 and 1 will make the 


number larger.

E.g. 3: √(¼) = ½

4. Memorize these two formulas for dealing with division:

a) (1/x) / y = 1 / xy
b) 1 / (x/y) = y / x
Students often fumble the calculations when presented with multiple layers of division or fractions. These simple formulas should keep you on track.
E.g. 4a: 1/2 / 3 = (½)(1/3)=1/6
E.g. 4b: 1 / 2/3 = 3/2

5. In order to find a percentage increase, find the difference between the original number and the increased (or decreased) number and divide that by the original number.
E.g. 5: A pair of pants was selling for $20 last week, but now is selling for $27 this week. By what percent did the price of the pants increase?
27 – 20 = 7
7 / 20 = 35 / 100 = 35 percent

6. If you are asked to find x+y or x-y from a system of equations, you may want to try adding or subtracting the equations before solving for the variables.
The GRE will often provide you with a simple method for solving a problem that will not be obvious. The challenge lies in finding the simplest method. Notice how the above problem was solved a lot faster by subtracting the equation than by solving for the variables.
E.g. 6: if 4x+2y=23 and 3x+3y=22, then x- y =
Set up the equations like you see below, and see if adding or subtracting will help you arrive at the answer more quickly. In this case, subtraction will do the trick.
    4x + 2y = 23
–  (3x+ 3y = 22)
————————-
x- y = 1.
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Basics of Maths

1. Circles

Circumference =
2 * Pi * R 

where R = Radius or Pi * D where D = Diameter

Diameter =
2 * R

Radius =
D/2

Area =
Pi * R2

The area of a circle is 36. What is the diameter of the circle?

36 = Pi * R2 so R = 6 / Square root of Pi so D = (12 * Square root of Pi)/Pi

The radius of a circle is 10. What is the circumference of the circle?

Circumference = 2 * Pi * R so circumference = 20 * Pi

What formula do you use to find the ratio of the arcs, sectors, etc. of a circle?

x/360 = arc length/circumference = area of sector/area where x is the degree measure of the angle


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2. Perfect Squares

List all the perfect squares from 0 to 100

0 (don't forget 0!), 1, 4, 9, 16, 25, 36, 49, 64, 81, 100


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3. Odds and Evens

Odd + Odd =
Even

Odd * Even =
Even

Even - Even =
Even

Even/Odd =
Even (or decimal)

Even * Even =
Even

Odd + Even =
Odd

Odd - Odd =
Even

Odd/Odd =
Odd (or decimal)


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4. Least Common Multiples

What is the least common multiple of 15 and 24?

15 = 3 * 5 and 24 = 2 * 2 * 2 * 3, Eliminate one of each of the common factors (3) and multiply the rest of the prime factors, LCM = 120

What is the least common multiple of 12 and 30?

12 = 2 * 2 * 3 and 30 = 2 * 3 * 5, Follow the same procedure as above, eliminate 2 & 3, LCM = 60


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5. Common Percent Equivalencies

Decimals to Fractions

0.4 =
2/5

0.875 =
7/8

0.167 =
1/6

0.85 =
17/20

0.375 =
3/8

Fractions to Decimals

5/8 =
0.625

2/40 =
0.05

5/6 =
0.833

3/5 =
0.6

2/16 =
0.125


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6. Distance Problems (Distance, Rate & Time)

Distance =
Rate * Time

Rate =
Distance/Time

Time =
Distance/Rate


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7. Triangles (30-60-90, 45-45-90, 3-4-5, 5-12-13)

Draw a 30-60-90 triangle and label its sides and angles

The side opposite the 90 will be 2X, the side opposite the 60 will be X * the square root of 3, the side opposite the 30 will be X

Draw a 45-45-90 triangle and label its sides and angles

The sides opposite the 45 will be Xs, the side opposite the 90 will be X * the square root of 2

(Note: All of the following are right triangles)

If the leg opposite the 30-degree angle is 8, what is the hypotenuse of the triangle?

16

If one of the legs is 6 and the hypotenuse is 10, what is the other leg?

8 (3-4-5 triangle)

If the hypotenuse is 20, what is the length of the leg opposite the 45-degree angle?

10 * the square root of 2

If one of the legs is 10 and the other leg is 24, what is the length of the hypotenuse?

26 (5-12-13 triangle)


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8. Prime Numbers

List all the prime numbers less than 22

2 (1 is not a prime number!), 3, 5, 7, 11, 13, 17, 19


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9. Work Problems

What is the formula to use for work problems?

(X*Y)/(X+Y) = Combined time of two workers (C) where X equals the time of one worker working alone and Y equals the time of the other worker working alone

If Sue can do a job in 3 hours and Bob can do the same job in 6 hours, how long will it take them working together at their respective rates?

2 hours

If Tom can do a job in 10 hours and Tom and Mary together can do the job in 6 hours working at their respective rates, how long will it take Mary to do the job by herself?

10Y/(10 + Y) = 6 so Y = 15 hours


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10. Percent Problems

What number should you always pick for percent problems?

100

What formula will give you the percent increase/decrease?

[(New # - Old #)/Old #] * 100

What formula will give you what percent the new quantity is of the old quantity?

(New #/Old #) * 100


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11. Number Properties

What numbers get bigger when you square them?

Negative numbers and numbers greater than 1

What numbers stay the same when you square them?

0 and 1

What numbers get smaller when you square them?

Numbers between 0 and 1

What numbers get bigger when you cube them?

Numbers between -1 and 0 and numbers greater than 1

What numbers stay the same when you cube them?

-1, 0 and 1

What numbers get smaller when you cube them?

Numbers less than -1 and numbers between 0 and 1


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12. Probability

What formula will give you probability of an event occuring?

Favorable events divided by total number of events

What method do you use to find the total number of events that could occur?

Multiply each individual event by the number of different things that could happen for that event

What is a popular shortcut to find the probability of "success"?

1 - Probablity of failure


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13. Inequalities

An inequality can be treated just like an equal sign with one exception. What is it?

When you are dividing or multiplying by a negative number, you must "flip" the sign

If 6x < -18, what does x have to be?

x < -3

If -10x + 120 > -2(40 + 15x), what does x have to be?

x > -10


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14. Averages

What is the formula used to find out the average of a group of numbers?

(Sum of numbers/# of numbers)

If a group contains five numbers and the average of the numbers is 17, what is the sum of the numbers?

85

If the average of a group of numbers is 24 and the sum of the numbers is 192, how many numbers are there?

8


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15. Divisibility Rules

How do you know if a number is divisible by 3?

Sum of the digits is divisible by 3

How do you know if a number is divisible by 4?

Last two digits are divisible by 4

How do you know if a number is divisible by 5?

Last digit is either a 0 or a 5

How do you know if a number is divisible by 6?

Number is even and divisible by 3

How do you know if a number is divisible by 7?

Number divides evenly by 7 (there is no shortcut)

How do you know if a number is divisible by 9?

Sum of the digits is divisible by 9

Is 47 a prime number?

Yes

Is 117 a prime number?

No (divisible by 3, 9, etc.)

Is 981,495 a prime number?

No (divisible by 3, 5, etc.)


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16. Ratios

If three things are in a ratio of 5:9:11, what does the total number of things have to be a multiple of?

25 (the sum of the numbers)

If the number of things represented by the 5 doubles, can you represent the new ratio as 10:9:11?

Yes, multiplication and division are okay

If you add 6 things to the the number of things represented by the 9, can you represent the new ratio as 5:15:11?

No, not unless you know the absolute number

If the number of things represented by the 9 is reduced by one-third, can you represent the new ratio as 5:7:11?

No, but you could represent it by 5:6:11


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17. Exponents

(x2)*(x3) =
x5 (Add the exponents)

(x8)/(x2) =
x6 (Subtract the exponents)

(x3)2 =
x6 (Multiply the exponents)

x-6 =
1/x6


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18. Parallelograms

What is the formula for the area of parallelogram?

Base * Height (Not Side * Side)

What things do you know to be true about a parallelogram?

Opposite angles are equal, opposite sides are equal, sides are parallel, interior angles equal 360

What do you know about the area of a parallelogram versus the product of its sides?

The area will always be less than the product of the sides (because the height of of the parallelogram will always be less than the length of the sides).

Is a square always a parallelogram?

Yes

Is a parallelogram always a square?

No
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MCQs of Age with Answer Keys

1. A boy is 10 years older than his brother. In 4 years he will be twice as old as his brother. Find the present age of each.
2. A father is 4 times as old as his son. In 20 years the father will be twice as old as his son. Find the present age of each.
3. Pat is 20 years older than his son James. In two years Pat will be twice as old as James. How old are they now?
4. Diane is 23 years older than her daughter Amy. In 6 years Diane will be twice as old as Amy. How old are they now?
5. Fred is 4 years older than Barney. Five years ago the sum of their ages was 48. How old are they now?
6. John is four times as old as Martha. Five years ago the sum of their ages was 50. How old are they now?
7. Tim is 5 years older than JoAnn. Six years from now the sum of their ages will be 79. How old are they now?
8. Jack is twice as old as Lacy. In three years the sum of their ages will be 54. How old are they now?
9. The sum of the ages of John and Mary is 32. Four years ago, John was twice as old as Mary. Find the present age of each.
10. The sum of the ages of a father and son is 56. Four years ago the father was 3 times as old as the son. Find the present age of each.
11. The sum of the ages of a china plate and a glass plate is 16 years. Four years ago the china plate was three times the age of the glass plate. Find the present age of each plate.
12. The sum of the ages of a wood plaque and a bronze plaque is 20 years. Four years ago, the bronze plaque was one-half the age of the wood plaque. Find the present age of each plaque.
13. A is now 34 years old, and B is 4 years old. In how many years will A be twice as old as B?
14. A man’s age is 36 and that of his daughter is 3 years. In how many years will the man be 4 times as old as his daughter?
15. An Oriental rug is 52 years old and a Persian rug is 16 years old. How many years ago was the Oriental rug four times as old as the Persian Rug?
16. A log cabin quilt is 24 years old and a friendship quilt is 6 years old. In how may years will the log cabin quilt be three times as old as the friendship quilt?
17. The age of the older of two boys is twice that of the younger; 5 years ago it was three times that of the younger. Find the age of each.
18. A pitcher is 30 years old, and a vase is 22 years old. How many years ago was the pitcher twice as old as the vase?
19. Marge is twice as old as Consuelo. The sum of their ages seven years ago was 13. How old are they now?
20. The sum of Jason and Mandy’s age is 35. Ten years ago Jason was double Mandy’s age. How old are they now?
21. A silver coin is 28 years older than a bronze coin. In 6 years, the silver coin will be twice as old as the bronze coin. Find the present age of each coin.
22. A sofa is 12 years old and a table is 36 years old. In how many years will the table be twice as old as the sofa?
23. A limestone statue is 56 years older than a marble statue. In 12 years, the limestone will be three times as old as the marble statue. Find the present age of the statues.
24. A pewter bowl is 8 years old, and a silver bowl is 22 years old. In how many years will the silver bowl be twice the age of the pewter bowl?
25. Brandon is 9 years older than Ronda. In four years the sum of their ages will be 91. How old are they now?
26. A kerosene lamp is 95 years old, and an electric lamp is 55 years old. How many years ago was the kerosene lamp twice the age of the electric lamp?
27. A father is three times as old as his son, and his daughter is 3 years younger than the son. If the sum of their ages 3 years ago was 63 years, find the present age of the father.
28. The sum of Clyde and Wendy’s age is 64. In four years, Wendy will be three times as old as Clyde. How old are they now?
29. The sum of the ages of two ships is 12 years. Two years ago, the age of the older ship was three times the age of the newer ship. Find the present age of each ship.
30. Chelsea’s age is double Daniel’s age. Eight years ago the sum of their ages was 32. How old are they now?
31. Ann is eighteen years older than her son. One year ago, she was three times as old as her son. How old are they now?
32. The sum of the ages of Kristen and Ben is 32. Four years ago Kristen was twice as old as Ben. How old are they both now?
33. A mosaic is 74 years older than the engraving. Thirty years ago, the mosaic was three times as old as the engraving. Find the present age of each.
34. The sum of the ages of Elli and Dan is 56. Four years ago Elli was 3 times as old as Dan. How old are they now?
35. A wool tapestry is 32 years older than a linen tapestry. Twenty years ago, the wool tapestry was twice as old as the linen tapestry. Find the present age of each.
36. Carolyn’s age is triple her daughter’s age. In eight years the sum of their ages will be 72. How old are they now?
37. Nicole is 26 years old. Emma is 2 years old. In how many years will Nicole be triple Emma’s age?
38. The sum of the ages of two children is 16 years. Four years ago, the age of the older child was three times the age of the younger child. Find the present age of each child.
39. Mike is 4 years older than Ron. In two years, the sum of their ages will be 84. How old are they now?
40. A marble bust is 25 years old, and a terra-cotta bust is 85 years old. In how many years will the terra-cotta bust be three times as old as the marble bust?

Answer Keys: 

1) 6, 16
2) 10, 40
3) 18, 38
4) 17, 40
5) 27, 31
6) 12, 48
7) 31, 36
8) 16, 32
9) 12, 20
10) 40, 16
11) 10, 6
12) 12, 8
13) 26
14) 8
15) 4
16) 3
17) 10, 20
18) 14
19) 9, 18
20) 15, 20
21) 50, 22
22) 12
23) 72, 16
24) 6
25) 37, 46
26) 15
27) 45
28) 14, 54
29) 8, 4
30) 16, 32
31) 10, 28
32) 12,20
33) 141, 67
34) 16, 40
35) 84, 52
36) 14, 42
37) 10
38) 10, 6
39) 38, 42
40) 5


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List of Algebraic Formulas

  1. a2 – b2 = (a – b)(a + b)
  2. (a+b)2 = a2 + 2ab + b2
  3. a2 + b2 = (a – b)2 + 2ab
  4. (a – b)2 = a2 – 2ab + b2
  5. (a + b + c)2 = a2 + b2 + c2 + 2ab + 2ac + 2bc
  6. (a – b – c)2 = a2 + b2 + c2 – 2ab – 2ac + 2bc
  7. (a + b)3 = a3 + 3a2b + 3ab2 + b3 ; (a + b)3 = a3 + b3 + 3ab(a + b)
  8. (a – b)3 = a3 – 3a2b + 3ab2 – b3
  9. a3 – b3 = (a – b)(a2 + ab + b2)
  10. a3 + b3 = (a + b)(a2 – ab + b2)
  11. (a + b)3 = a3 + 3a2b + 3ab2 + b3
  12. (a – b)3 = a3 – 3a2b + 3ab2 – b3
  13. (a + b)4 = a4 + 4a3b + 6a2b2 + 4ab3 + b4)
  14. (a – b)4 = a4 – 4a3b + 6a2b2 – 4ab3 + b4)
  15. a4 – b4 = (a – b)(a + b)(a2 + b2)
  16. a5 – b5 = (a – b)(a4 + a3b + a2b2 + ab3 + b4)     

If n is a natural number, an – bn = (a – b)(an-1 + an-2b+…+ bn-2a + bn-1)
If n is even (n = 2k), an + bn = (a + b)(an-1 – an-2b +…+ bn-2a – bn-1)
If n is odd (n = 2k + 1), an + bn = (a + b)(an-1 – an-2b +…- bn-2a + bn-1)
  • (a + b + c + …)2 = a2 + b2 + c2 + … + 2(ab + ac + bc + ….
  • Laws of Exponents
  • (am)(an) = am+n(ab)m = ambm(am)n = amn

  • Fractional Exponents
  • a0 = 1
    $\frac{a^{m}}{a^{n}} = a^{m-n}$
    $a^{m}$ = $\frac{1}{a^{-m}}$
    $a^{-m}$ = $\frac{1}{a^{m}}$
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